Science

Science:
100 Scientists Who Changed the World

Anaximander	c. 611-547 B.C.
Pythagoras	c. 581-497 B.C.
Hippocrates of Cos	c. 460-377 B.C.
Democritus of Abdera	c. 460-370 B.C.
Plato	c. 427-347 B.C.	Platonism / Greek philosophy
Aristotle	c. 384-322 B.C.	Platonism / Greek philosophy
Euclid	c. 330-260 B.C.	Platonism / Greek philosophy
Archimedes	c. 287-212 B.C.	Greek philosophy
Hipparchus	c. 170-125 B.C.
Zhang Heng	78-139 A.D.
Ptolemy	90-168 A.D.
Galen of Pergamum	130-201 A.D.
Al-Khwarizmi	800-850	Islam
Johannes Gutenberg	1400-1468	Catholic
Leonardo da Vinci	1452-1519	Catholic
Nicolas Copernicus	1473-1543	Catholic (priest)
Andreas Vesalius	1514-1564	Catholic
William Gilbert	1540-1603
Francis Bacon	1561-1626	Anglican
Galileo Galileo	1564-1642	Catholic
Johannes Kepler	1571-1630	Lutheran
William Harvey	1578-1657	Anglican (nominal)
Johann van Helmont	1579-1644
Rene Descartes	1596-1650	Catholic
Blaise Pascal	1623-1662	Jansenist
Robert Boyle	1627-1691	Anglican
Christiann Huygens	1629-1695	Calvinist
Anton van Leeuwenhoek	1632-1723	Dutch Reformed
Robert Hooke	1635-1703	Anglican
Sir Isaac Newton	1642-1727	Anglican (rejected Trinitarianism, i.e., Athanasianism; believed in the Arianism of the Primitive Church)
Edmund Halley	1656-1742
Thomas Newcomen	1663-1729	Baptist
Daniel Fahrenheit	1686-1736
Benjamin Franklin	1706-1790	Presbyterian; Deist
Joseph Black	1728-1799
Henry Cavendish	1731-1810
Joseph Priestley	1733-1804	Unitarian
James Watt	1736-1819	Presbyterian (lapsed)
Charles de Coulomb	1736-1806
Joseph Montgolfier	1740-1810
Karl Wilhelm Scheele	1742-1786
Antoine Lavoisier	1743-1794	Catholic
Count Alessandro Volta	1745-1827	Catholic
Edward Jenner	1749-1823	Anglican
John Dalton	1766-1844	Quaker
Andre-Marie Ampere	1755-1836
Amedo Avogadro	1776-1856	Catholic
Joseph Gay-Lussac	1778-1850
Charles Babbage	1791-1871	Anglican
Michael Faraday	1791-1867	Sandemanian
Charles Darwin	1809-1881	Anglican (nominal); Unitarian
James Joule	1818-1920
Louis Pasteur	1822-1895	Catholic
Johann Gregor Mendel	1822-1884	Catholic (Augustinian monk)
Jean-Joseph Lenoir	1822-1900
Lord Kelvin	1824-1907	Anglican
James Clerk Maxwell	1831-1879	Presbyterian; Anglican; Baptist
Alfred Nobel	1833-1896
Wilhelm Gottlieb Daimler	1834-1900
Dmitri Mendeleev	1834-1907
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen	1845-1923
Thomas Alva Edison	1847-1931	Congregationalist; agnostic
Alexander Graham Bell	1847-1922	Unitarian/Universalist
Antoine-Henri Becquerel	1852-1908	Catholic
Paul Ehrlich	1854-1915	Jewish
Nikola Tesla	1856-1943
Sir John Joseph Thomson	1856-1940
Sigmund Freud	1856-1939	Jewish; Atheist; Freudian psychoanalysis (Freudianism)
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz	1857-1894	Lutheran
Max Planck	1858-1947	Protestant
Leo Baekeland	1863-1944
Thomas Hunt Morgan	1866-1945
Marie Curie	1867-1934	Catholic (lapsed)
Ernest Rutherford	1871-1937
The Wright Brothers	Wilbur: 1867-1912; Orville: 1871-1948	United Brethren
Guglielmo Marconi	1847-1937	Catholic and Anglican
Frederick Soddy	1877-1956
Albert Einstein	1879-1955	Jewish
Alexander Fleming	1881-1955	Catholic
Robert Goddard	1882-1945
Neils Bohr	1885-1962	Jewish Lutheran
Erwin Schrodinger	1887-1961	Catholic
Henry Moseley	1887-1915
Edwin Hubble	1889-1953
Sir James Chadwick	1891-1974
Frederick Banting	1891-1941
Louis de Broglie	1892-1987
Enrico Fermi	1901-1954	Catholic
Werner Heisenberg	1901-1954	Lutheran
Linus Carl Pauling	1901-1994	Lutheran
Robert Oppenheimer	1904-1967	Jewish
Sir Frank Whittle	1907-1996
Edward Teller	1908-	Jewish
William Shockley	1910-1989
Alan Turing	1912-1954	Jewish
Jonas Salk	1914-1995	Jewish
Rosalind Franklin	1920-1958	Jewish
James Dewey Watson	1928-
Stephen Hawking	1942-	atheist
Tim Berners-Lee	1955-	Unitarian

 

100 Scientists Who Shaped World History

Pythagoras	c. 580 B.C.-C. 500 B.C.
Hippocates	c. 460 B.C.-377 B.C.
Aristotle	384 B.C.-322 B.C.	Platonism / Greek philosophy
Euclid	c. 325 B.C.-270 B.C.	Platonism / Greek philosophy
Archimedes	c. 287-c. 212 B.C.	Greek philosophy
Eratosthenes	c. 276 B.C.-c. 196 B.C.
Galen	c. A.D. 130-c. 216
Hakim Ibn-e-Sina	A.D. 980-1037	Islam
Nicolaus Copernicus	1473-1543	Catholic (priest)
Andreas Vesalius	1514-1564	Catholic
Gallileo Galilei	1564-1642	Catholic
Johannes Kepler	1571-1630	Lutheran
William Harvey	1578-1657	Anglican (nominal)
Rene Descartes	1596-1650	Catholic
Blaise Pascal	1623-1662	Jansenist
Robert Boyle	1627-1691	Anglican
Christian Huygens	1632-1695	Calvinist
Anton van Leeuwenhoek	1632-1723	Dutch Reformed
Robert Hooke	1635-1703	Anglican
Isaac Newton	1642-1727	Anglican (rejected Trinitarianism, i.e., Athanasianism; believed in the Arianism of the Primitive Church)
Edmund Halley	1656-1742
Daniel Bernoulli	1700-1782	Calvinist
Benjamin Franklin	1706-1790	Presbyterian; Deist
Leonard Euler	1707-1783	Calvinist
Carolus Linnaeus	1707-1778	Christianity
Henry Cavendish	1731-1810
Joseph Priestley	1733-1804	Presbyterian; unitarian
William Herschel	1738-1822	Jewish
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier	1743-1794	Catholic
Alessandro Volta	1746-1827	Catholic
Edward Jenner	1749-1823	Anglican
John Dalton	1766-1844	Quaker
Georges Cuvier	1769-1832	Lutheran
Alexander von Humboldt	1769-1859
Karl Friedrich Gauss	1777-1855	Lutheran
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac	1778-1850
Humphry Davy	1778-1829
Jons Jakob Berzelius	1779-1848
Michael Faraday	1791-1867	Sandemanian
Charles Babbage	1792-1871	Anglican
Joseph Henry	1797-1878	Presbyterian
Matthew Fontaine Maury	1806-1873
Louis Agassiz	1807-1873	Lutheran
Charles Darwin	1809-1882	Anglican (nominal); Unitarian
Augusta Ada Byron	1815-1852
James Prescott Joule	1818-1868
Jean Bernard Leon Foucault	1819-1868
Gregor Mendel	1822-1884	Catholic (Augustinian monk)
Louis Pasteur	1822-1895	Catholic
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin	1824-1907	Anglican
Joseph Lister	1827-1912	Quaker
Friedrich August Kekule	1829-1896
James Clerk Maxwell	1831-1879	Presbyterian; Anglican; Baptist
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev	1834-1907
William Henry Perkin	1838-1907
Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen	1845-1923
Thomas Alva Edison	1847-1931	Congregationalist; agnostic
Luther Burbank	1849-1923	Unitarian
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov	1849-1936
John Ambrose Fleming	1849-1945
William Ramsay	1852-1916
Antoine-Henri Becquerel	1852-1908	Catholic
Albert Abraham Michelson	1852-1908	Jewish
Sigmnd Freud	1856-1939	Jewish; Atheist; Freudian psychoanalysis (Freudianism)
Joseph John Thomson	1856-1940
Nettie Marie Stevens	1861-1912
George Washington Carver	1864-1943	Christianity
Marie Sklodowska Curie	1867-1934	Catholic (lapsed)
Henrietta Swan Leavitt	1868-1921	Protestant
Ernst Rutherford	1871-1937
Lise Meitner	1878-1968	Jewish-born Protestant
Albert Einstein	1879-1955	Jewish
Alexander Fleming	1881-1955	Catholic
Niels Bohr	1885-1962	Jewish Lutheran
Selman Abraham Waksman	1888-1973	Jewish
Edwin Powell Hubble	1889-1953
Robert Alexander Watson-Watt	1892-1973
Arthur Holly Compton	1892-1962	Presbyterian
Irene Joliot-Curie	1897-1956
Linus Carl Pauling	1901-1994	Lutheran
Enrico Fermi	1901-1954	Catholic
Werner Heisenberg	1901-1967	Lutheran
Margaret Mead	1901-1978	Episcopalian
Barbara McClintock	1902-1992
Grace Brewster Murray Hopper	1906-1992	Jewish
Marie Goeppert-Mayer	1906-1972
John Bardeen	1908-1991
William Bradford Shockley	1910-1989
Dorothy Crowfood Hodgkin	1910-1994
Jaques Yves Cousteau	1910-1997
Luis Walter Alvarez	1911-1988
Charles Hard Townes	1915-
Richard Philipis Feynman	1918-1988	Jewish
Frederick Sanger	1918-
Rosalind Elsie Franklin	1920-1958	Jewish
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow	1921-	Jewish
Har Gobind Khorana	1922-	Hindu
Tsung-Dao Lee	1926-
James Dewey Watson	1928-
Stephen William Hawking	1942-	atheist

 

 

 

 

 

The Scientific 100:
A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present

The list below is from the book The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present, Citadel Press (2000), written by John Galbraith Simmons.

1	Isaac Newton	the Newtonian Revolution	Anglican (rejected Trinitarianism, i.e., Athanasianism; believed in the Arianism of the Primitive Church)
2	Albert Einstein	Twentieth-Century Science	Jewish
3	Neils Bohr	the Atom	Jewish Lutheran
4	Charles Darwin	Evolution	Anglican (nominal); Unitarian
5	Louis Pasteur	the Germ Theory of Disease	Catholic
6	Sigmund Freud	Psychology of the Unconscious	Jewish; Atheist; Freudian psychoanalysis (Freudianism)
7	Galileo Galilei	the New Science	Catholic
8	Antoine Laurent Lavoisier	the Revolution in Chemistry	Catholic
9	Johannes Kepler	Motion of the Planets	Lutheran
10	Nicolaus Copernicus	the Heliocentric Universe	Catholic (priest)
11	Michael Faraday	the Classical Field Theory	Sandemanian
12	James Clerk Maxwell	the Electromagnetic Field	Presbyterian; Anglican; Baptist
13	Claude Bernard	the Founding of Modern Physiology
14	Franz Boas	Modern Anthropology	Jewish
15	Werner Heisenberg	Quantum Theory	Lutheran
16	Linus Pauling	Twentieth-Century Chemistry	Lutheran
17	Rudolf Virchow	the Cell Doctrine
18	Erwin Schrodinger	Wave Mechanics	Catholic
19	Ernest Rutherford	the Structure of the Atom
20	Paul Dirac	Quantum Electrodynamics
21	Andreas Vesalius	the New Anatomy	Catholic
22	Tycho Brahe	the New Astronomy	Lutheran
23	Comte de Buffon	l'Histoire Naturelle
24	Ludwig Boltzmann	Thermodynamics
25	Max Planck	the Quanta	Protestant
26	Marie Curie	Radioactivity	Catholic (lapsed)
27	William Herschel	the Discovery of the Heavens	Jewish
28	Charles Lyell	Modern Geology
29	Pierre Simon de Laplace	Newtonian Mechanics	atheist
30	Edwin Hubble	the Modern Telescope
31	Joseph J. Thomson	the Discovery of the Electron
32	Max Born	Quantum Mechanics	Jewish Lutheran
33	Francis Crick	Molecular Biology	atheist
34	Enrico Fermi	Atomic Physics	Catholic
35	Leonard Euler	Eighteenth-Century Mathematics	Calvinist
36	Justus Liebig	Nineteenth-Century Chemistry
37	Arthur Eddington	Modern Astronomy	Quaker
38	William Harvey	Circulation of the Blood	Anglican (nominal)
39	Marcello Malpighi	Microscopic Anatomy	Catholic
40	Christiaan Huygens	the Wave Theory of Light	Calvinist
41	Carl Gauss (Karl Friedrich Gauss)	Mathematical Genius	Lutheran
42	Albrecht von Haller	Eighteenth-Century Medicine
43	August Kekule	Chemical Structure
44	Robert Koch	Bacteriology
45	Murray Gell-Mann	the Eightfold Way	Jewish
46	Emil Fischer	Organic Chemistry
47	Dmitri Mendeleev	the Periodic Table of Elements
48	Sheldon Glashow	the Discovery of Charm	Jewish
49	James Watson	the Structure of DNA	atheist
50	John Bardeen	Superconductivity
51	John von Neumann	the Modern Computer	Jewish Catholic
52	Richard Feynman	Quantum Electrodynamics	Jewish
53	Alfred Wegener	Continental Drift
54	Stephen Hawking	Quantum Cosmology	atheist
55	Anton van Leeuwenhoek	the Simple Microscope	Dutch Reformed
56	Max von Laue	X-ray Crystallography
57	Gustav Kirchhoff	Spectroscopy
58	Hans Bethe	the Energy of the Sun	Jewish
59	Euclid	the Foundations of Mathematics	Platonism / Greek philosophy
60	Gregor Mendel	the Laws of Inheritance	Catholic (Augustinian monk)
61	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes	Superconductivity
62	Thomas Hunt Morgan	the Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
63	Hermann von Helmholtz	the Rise of German Science
64	Paul Ehrlich	Chemotherapy	Jewish
65	Ernst Mayr	Evolutionary Theory	atheist
66	Charles Sherrington	Neurophysiology
67	Theodosius Dobzhansky	the Modern Synthesis	Russian Orthodox
68	Max Delbruck	the Bacteriophage
69	Jean Baptiste Lamarck	the Foundations of Biology
70	William Bayliss	Modern Physiology
71	Noam Chomsky	Twentieth-Century Linguistics	Jewish atheist
72	Frederick Sanger	the Genetic Code
73	Lucretius	Scientific Thinking	Epicurean; atheist
74	John Dalton	the Theory of the Atom	Quaker
75	Louis Victor de Broglie	Wave/Particle Duality
76	Carl Linnaeus	the Binomial Nomenclature	Christianity
77	Jean Piaget	Child Development
78	George Gaylord Simpson	the Tempo of Evolution
79	Claude Levi-Strauss	Structural Anthropology	Jewish
80	Lynn Margulis	Symbiosis Theory	Jewish
81	Karl Landsteiner	the Blood Groups	Jewish
82	Konrad Lorenz	Ethology
83	Edward O. Wilson	Sociobiology
84	Frederick Gowland Hopkins	Vitamins
85	Gertrude Belle Elion	Pharmacology
86	Hans Selye	the Stress Concept
87	J. Robert Oppenheimer	the Atomic Era	Jewish
88	Edward Teller	the Bomb	Jewish
89	Willard Libby	Radioactive Dating
90	Ernst Haeckel	the Biogenetic Principle
91	Jonas Salk	Vaccination	Jewish
92	Emil Kraepelin	Twentieth-Century Psychiatry
93	Trofim Lysenko	Soviet Genetics	Russian Orthodox; Communist
94	Francis Galton	Eugenics
95	Alfred Binet	the I.Q. Test
96	Alfred Kinsey	Human Sexuality	atheist
97	Alexander Fleming	Penicillin	Catholic
98	B. F. Skinner	Behaviorism	atheist
99	Wilhelm Wundt	the Founding of Psychology	atheist
100	Archimedes	the Beginning of Science	Greek philosophy